Timer works- you tested it, it fires up the fan.
you said you tried a different ballast.
you bought a new light.
----try and plug your light into a receptucle. If that doesn't work than I would say there's a problem with something after the ballast.
if it fires up just fine. Than it has to be the timer.
You said its a dual outlet timer. You said the fan fires up fine. Try and switch the fan with the ballast. If the light fires and the fan doesn't that side of your timer is fried.
i really don't know what else to deduce. Maybe it is the surge protector, but I run my lights through a GFCI with no problems. But try it with out the surge protector just a test to narrow things out.
other things--
it is a HPS bulb? The bulb is a universal position bulb or position specific to your reflector. Ie horizontal, vertical, universal.