nasty bugs input needed

Pizzzh

Well-Known Member
cut down a male last week it had a large gall in its stems so i cut it open..
What did i find?
Some type of larvae living in my plant, my plants health had been declining pretty sure that was the reason.. It was like it wasnt gettin enough water BUT it seemed like it started to get better right before i chopped it...
Any clues what it could be i've got alot of info i'm gonna post
theres like 6 females i think that are infected they all have knots and bumps like mini galls all over there main stems.. I was wondering are some plants just knotty like this or did the bug that was in the cut down male have friend. The females are in there 3rd week of flower prolly two months before they are done.. Is this gonna kill them any ideas on how to kill them w/o killing or cutting them out of the plant..
Heres the info


[SIZE=+1]What is a plant gall?[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]A gall is a plant structure formed by abnormal growth within plant tissues[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]The growth is a reaction to a parasitic attack on/in the plant's cells[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Galls are numerous, widespread, and come in a variety of shapes and colors[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]By looking at a gall's shape, color, and location on the plant, you can determine what organism caused it[/SIZE]
    [SIZE=+1]What causes a gall?[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Excluding viruses, there are 5 major gall-causers: Bacteria, Fungi, Nematoda, Acarina and Insecta[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Each species of gall-causer attacks a specific plant structure, such as the leaves or the roots[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Because the gall-causers do not destroy the plant, but slowly uses its' nutrients, they can be called parasites[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]The parasites can move inside or remain outside of the plant structures[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]In either case, the parasites act only as a growth stimulus[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]The gall is made up entirely of the plant's (the host's) tissues[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]The plant reacts to the parasite's intrusion by increasing the number of plant cells or enlargening the cell's size[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Gall tissues form a "bubble" around the gall-causers in order to separate the parasites and any of their harmful by-products from the rest of the plant[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Therefore, the gall is the plant's way of protecting itself from intruders[/SIZE]
    [SIZE=+1]Gall forms[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]The gall's form depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where it is attacking[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]There is a classifying system of gall forms based on where the gall-causers attack[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Galls can be unilocular- having one cavity, or plurilocular- having one or more cavities[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]Galls can be unilarval- having one parasite in each cavity, or multilarval- having one or more parasite in each cavity[/SIZE]
    [SIZE=+1]Parasite-plant relationship[/SIZE]
    • [SIZE=+1]There must be a balanced relationship between the parasite and the plant in order for them to both continue their existance. If too many gall-causers infect one plant, the plant would not be able to protect itself properly. Also, if there are too many gall-causers on one plant, for reasons not completely clear, it has been shown that the amount of parasitic offspring is decreased. It therefore benefits both parasite and plant to have a limited amount of parasites on each structure. The system is dependent on the evolved preference of parasites to not attack structures with other parasites nearby. This belief is supported by the fact that after a certain number of galls arise per structure, it is rare to see an increase in gall number.[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]What benefits do gall-causers get out of the relationship?[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]Is food, shelter, and a place to breed enough? The gall provides a microclimate for the organism. A microclimate is a small area characterized by uniformity in environmental conditions. In this case, the microclimate is protected from wind, storms, and temperature extremes. A protein rich inner wall lines the parasite's "home" with plenty of food. Not a bad deal. With these conditions, the parasites are able to breed very successfully, and breeding success is the name of the game.[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]What do plants get out of it?[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]Usually nothing, but in most cases the plants are not harmed either. There are two rare exceptions: Andricus quercus-calicis and Rhizobium radicola and R. beyerinckii. Rhizobium radicola and R. beyrinckii are bacteria which have been shown to be beneficial to leguminous plants- plants within the pea family. The bacteria are located within root galls and assist the legumes in nitrogen uptake. On the other hand, Andricus quercus-calicis hinders reproduction in certain oaks since it destroys their acorns and therefore their seeds. For the most part, however, the only harm to the plant is that it is forced to use energy and materials for gall formation instead of for improving other structures.[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]Who cares about galls anyway?[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]There is a lot still unknown about the mechanisms that cause gall formation and the life cycles of the organisms that initiate the gall growth. Since most galls do not cause any economic damage to crop plants, little research funding is available in this area. However, the insect cycles and gall structures should be of interest because they are amazing examples of the complexity of nature and of co-evolution. Co-evolution is when closely associated species undergo complementary evolution. Over generations, characteristics of a species can mutate. If these mutations are favorable to the species, meaning they can better survive and reproduce in its environment, then this mutated species will flourish. An example of this is the insect that inherits and passes on characteristics for the behavior to burrow into plant tissues. A closely associated species, in this example, the plant being burrowed into, can also mutate. If these mutations enable the plant to survive and reproduce even with the damage that the insect causes, then the mutated form will flourish. The mutated plant which can form galls can survive the insects intrusion into its' tissues. Each organism has evolved based on the other's evolution. They have both changed in ways to increase their survival and reproduction rate. Insects have obtained a means of receiving room and board at no cost, while the plant has learned to deal with this in a way that makes living a normal life and reproduction possible.[/SIZE]
      [SIZE=+1]For an example of a plant gall see oak apple gall.[/SIZE]
 

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Bugs that could possibly cause this....

Introduction
This article is about pests -- the organisms that cause injury, not disease. It is the second half of a two-part series about diseases and pests of Cannabis. The first part (McPartland 1996) described diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. The pests described in this second part include arthropods, mollusks, birds, and mammals. Some of these pests predominate in fiber crops, others prevail in crops raised for seeds or flowering tops. Some are specific to Cannabis, others are general feeders. Some pests have many natural enemies so they only cause problems indoors under artificial lights, other pests cause problems anywhere.
Cannabis has a reputation for being pest-free. Actually, it is pest-tolerant. Many pests have been found around Cannabis, but they rarely cause economic damage. The most common pests are arthropods.

Arthropods
Six arthropod classes are particularly important to Cannabis agriculture: the Crustacea (including "pillbugs," with 5-7 pairs of legs), Symphyla ("garden centipedes," with 12 pairs of legs), Chilopoda (true centipedes, with 1 pair of legs per segment), Diplopoda (millipedes, "thousand-leggers," with 2 pairs of legs per segment and many segments), Arachnida (spiders and mites, with 4 pairs of legs), and the Class Insecta, with 3 pairs of legs.
Insects are the largest class. Twenty-seven orders of insects are currently recognized by entomologists, and half of them attack Cannabis. Mostafa and Messenger (1972) list 272 species of insects and mites associated with Cannabis! Of course, few of these species elicit serious concern. Probably the worst pests are stem-boring caterpillars, especially in fiber crops. Two economically important pests are the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), and the hemp borer (Grapholita delineana).
European corn borers (ECBs) attract a lot of scientific attention thanks to their amazing appetite for corn plants. ECBs are native to eastern Europe, where Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus (hops) served as original host plants. ECBs switched to maize after Zea mays cultivation began in Europe two centuries ago (Nagy 1976, 1986). About one century ago ECBs moved to North America and plagued American hemp, where they "nourished themselves upon the marrow within stalks" (Dodge 1898). More recently ECBs have infested marijuana crops (Bush Doctor 1987).
ECB feeding induces stem cankers, which are structurally weak. Stems supporting heavily flowering tops often break at cankers. Larvae boring into smaller branches cause wilting of distal plant parts. Under heavy infestations entire plants collapse. Emchuk (1937) states 5-12 larvae can destroy a hemp plant. ECB entry holes in stems are essentially open wounds, providing access for fungi such as Macrophomina phaseolina. Other insects may also crawl in. ECBs hatching late in the season may infest flowering tops instead of stems, where they spin webs and scatter feces.

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Figure 1. Larva, pupa and female moth of Grapholita delineana (A) compared to larger Ostrinia nubilalis (B). Both about 1.5x actual size. (G. delineana from Senchenko and Timonina 1978, O. nubilalis from Ceapoiu 1958.)
Hemp borers (HBs) are smaller than ECBs (Figure 1). HBs cause similar stem damage and are much more destructive in flowering tops. HBs are also called hemp leaf rollers and hemp seed eaters. In Russia, HBs have destroyed 80% of a crop's flowering tops (Kryachko et al. 1965). Bes (1974) reports 41% seed losses in unprotected Yugoslavian hemp. Each larva consumes an average of 16 Cannabis seeds (Smith and Haney 1973). HBs appear host-specific on Cannabis (Mushtaque et al. 1973), so they have attracted attention as potential biocontrol agents against marijuana. Baloch et al. (1974) determined that 40 larvae will kill a Cannabis seedling (15-25 cm tall) in 10 days. As little as 10 larvae per plant cripple growth and seed production.
Other Cannabis caterpillars feed as stem borers (e.g., Cossus cossus, Zeuzera multistrigata, Papaipema nebris, P. cataphracta, and Endocylyta excrescens). Some caterpillars spoil leaves, seeds, and flowering tops (e.g., Mamestra brassicae, Autographa gamma, Melanchra persicariae, Spilosoma obliqua, Arctia caja, and Loxostege sticticalis). However, few caterpillars cause as much damage as ECBs and HBs. An exception is the budworm (e.g., Heliothis armigera and Heliothis viriplaca). Budworms wreck havoc on flowering buds, but leave stems alone.
Other insects may also bore into stems. Examples include the grubs of flea beetles (Phyllotreta nemorum), tumbling flower beetles (Mordellistena micans and M. parvula), longhorn beetles (Thyestes gebleri), weevils (Ceutorhynchus rapae and Rhinocus pericarpius), and the maggots of gall midges (Melanogromyza urticivora).
Beetle grubs and midge maggots also bore into roots and leaves. The former includes the hemp flea beetle (Psylliodes attenuata), a serious pest in eastern Europe and China (Angelova 1968). The latter are called "leaf miners." Some leaf miners are beetle grubs (e.g., Phyllotreta nemorum), but most are tiny maggots (e.g., Liriomyza strigata, L. eupatorii, L. cannabis, Phytomyza horticola, Agromyza reptans).
 
so you get the idea not the right kind of worm/larvae tho
 

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- Egg: Elliptical, reddish-brown with black longitudinal striae, 1.2 x 1.7 mm, very resistant.
- Larva: 90 to 100 mm. The young caterpillar is carmine pink; the colour is darker and more pronounced in older individuals. The ventral surface is light yellow, the head black with powerful mandibles
 
trying to get it to post all of this


Pupa: 50 to 60 mm, with crowns of sharp spicules which enable it to crawl towards the opening of the gallery just before emergence.


[R]Biology
- The caterpillar develops in the trunks of numerous fruit-trees: apple, cherry, pear, plum, olive and other deciduous trees such as sweet chestnut, elm (Ulmus), oak (Quercus), poplar (Populus), chestnut (Aesculus), lime (Tilia), maple (Acer).
- Adult: The moth flies at dusk and at night, at the beginning of summer. The female, due to a powerful oviscapt, inserts her eggs in clusters in the bark crevices. Average fecundity: 500 eggs.
- Egg: embryonic development lasts 12 to 15 days.
- Larva: the caterpillar lives in galleries which it bores under the bark, then in the wood of the host tree. It ejects a reddish granular mass formed of sawdust and frass mixed with silk which accumulates at the foot of the tree. At the end of its development, it builds a cocoon out of wood particles and pupates
 
- The pupal stage lasts about 1 month. The adult emerges, often trailing behind itself the exuvia which then remains stuck in the bark.


[R]Life Cycle
- The cycle of the goat moth takes at least 2 years.
- The moths appear from the end of June to mid-August. The young caterpillars which emerge from the eggs form galleries under the bark
 
</B>then, the following spring, penetrate the wood and bore slightly ascending galleries. They stay in the gallery the next winter and pupate in spring.


[R]Damage
The very smelly "worm-dust" signals the attack. There are usually several caterpillars in the same trunk. The caterpillars penetrate deep into the wood and can even drill into the heartwood. Certain trees, such as elm, are extremely resistant. Fruit trees, particularly apple and cherry, are more sensitive, dying rapidly
 
[R]Common Names
DE: Weidenbohrer ES: Taladro rojo FR: Cossus gâte-bois IT: Rodilegno rosso, Perdilegno rosso PT: Lagarta cossus GB: Goat moth, Willow borer
 
Borers:"Borers are terribly destructive insects and there are many kinds that can attack trees and shrubs. It our intention to speak generally about borer control and not get into each specific bug. Of all the borers they either turn into moths or beetles and include: ash borer, willow borer, peach tree borer, peach twig borer, maple borer, azalea stem borer, bronze birch borer, white pine shoot borer, lilac borer etc. The first signs we see from borers are usually a small hole in a tree that is either leaking sap or has frass extruding from the hole. Frass is the term for the brown, sticky sawdust substance that comes out of the borer holes. Plants that have been attacked by borers are more vulnerable to disease. Adversely plants that are diseased are also more prone to borer damage. We must remember that insects are scavengers, if something is ailing they will take advantage.

Female borers are out in the summer looking for trees to lay their eggs on. In Northern areas this is generally in July, for Southern areas usually August and September. They like to lay their eggs on tree trunks a few inches below the soil line, at the soil line and to about a foot above the soil line. Some species, such as the lesser peach tree borer will lay their eggs in crotches or damaged areas of the upper tree limbs. Borers produce one generation per year. All these areas need to be monitored as the sooner you intervene the better success your treatment will have. The larva hatch and as soon as cooler weather arrives they go into a rest period for the summer. The following season as soon as the weather warms up they are ready to feed and do their damage.

The larva do their damage when tunneling underneath the bark. If their tunnel makes a complete circle around the tree through the cambium layer it will kill the tree. Peach tree borers will also attack apricot, cherry, nectarine and plum trees.

Take some stiff wire and work it into the hole to kill them.
Make a solution of Diatomaceous Earth and inject it into the hole or, even better, inject a solution of Bacillus Thuringiensis v. Kurstaki (a biological control) into the hole. Beneficial nematodes can also be injected into borer holes. You can get veterinary syringes at farm supply stores to use for injecting the holes. When done use some plumbers putty or some floral clay to seal the hole. You can also use the frass to seal up the hole.
Encourage natural predators in the area like birds.
Carefully clean any loose or dead bark from the tree particularly a few inches below the soil line, at soil line and a few inches above the soil line. Keep an eye on the upper tree portion also looking for loose bark, dead limbs etc. These places are where the female borers look to lay their eggs in summer.
Use specific pheromone lures, which will confuse the males and keep them from mating with the females.
Planting garlic around the base of trees is said to repel borers. Try it but don’t rely on it.
Be sure to remove winter or other wise damaged limbs from your trees. When pruning don’t tear or strip bark when you cut and please make proper cuts. Your trees will appreciate it.
This method is not organic but we list it for your information. You use camphor crystals or balls to kill and repel them. Using the right amount per tree is critical as too much can damage the tree. You want to spread them in a circle around the base of the tree on top of the soil about 1 inch away from the trunk. Place some dirt on the camphor to make a mound. This mound will keep the vapors from the camphor contained around the trunk where you want them. The amount to use correlates with the age of the tree. For trees less than 3 years use ½ of an ounce. Trees that are 3-6 years old use ¾ of an ounce. Older trees require 1 ounce. Use this method with caution if you have small children and pets that like to dig.
 
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