Small, when I set up my 18 gallon roughneck I put in 10 gallons and made a mark, then 12 gallons and made another mark. I keep the water level between the two marks at all times, this does have the vast majority of the roots in the water...90%? I run one two outlet air pump with two stones and let them take care of the 02. I have found that the less water there is in the res the harder it is to maintain the ph, do I have science behind that? No. It is the main issue with my aerogarden, as the plants get larger and there are more roots in the water adjusting the ph is almost a daily thing. Good luck.