Some sober thoughts from Wynne Godley in October of 1992:
What happens if a whole country – a potential ‘region’ in a fully integrated community – suffers a structural setback?
So long as it is a sovereign state, it can devalue its currency. It can then trade successfully at full employment provided its people accept the necessary cut in their real incomes. With an economic and monetary union, this recourse is obviously barred, and its prospect is grave indeed unless federal budgeting arrangements are made which fulfil a redistributive role. As was clearly recognised in the MacDougall Report which was published in 1977, there has to be a quid pro quo for giving up the devaluation option in the form of fiscal redistribution. Some writers (such as Samuel Brittan and Sir Douglas Hague) have seriously suggested that EMU, by abolishing the balance of payments problem in its present form, would indeed abolish the problem, where it exists, of persistent failure to compete successfully in world markets. But as Professor Martin Feldstein pointed out in a major article in the
Economist (13 June), this argument is very dangerously mistaken.
If a country or region has no power to devalue, and if it is not the beneficiary of a system of fiscal equalisation,
then there is nothing to stop it suffering a process of cumulative and terminal decline leading, in the end, to emigration as the only alternative to poverty or starvation.
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v14/n19/wynne-godley/maastricht-and-all-that