Terpenes

Terpenes come from plants and make up most of what we smell, there are other smell Molecules, but Terpenes are what make up almost all of the plant smell world and a few other smell worlds. For example, Menthol comes from Mint and is the Terpene use in all mint Flavoring. Terpenes are also what make up a vast majority of Fragrance molecules that can be used to create Fragrance mixtures or to create Original Smell Molecules.



Caryophyllene is not very commonly known, but this is what they use to train Dogs to smell for Marijuana. Caryophyllene can also be found in Black Pepper, Cloves, Hops, Basil, Oregano & Marijuana . Caryophyllene attaches to the CB2 receptor, but the plants that contain it are not illegal because it is not similar to THC in structure. Caryophyllene is the first Cannabinoid to be approved as a food additive by the FDA. Uziza leaf or the Uziza Peppercorns are the best source for Caryophyllene, Uziza is related to the Pepper (Black Peppercorn) plant and it is popular in Nigeria, but it has not been common in Europe since the Middle Ages. In Nigeria they use Pepper, Uziza, and other spices like "Grains of Paradise" that we do not use commonly in America.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_guineense
Buy Uziza
http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=Piper+guineense

Other Terpenes that are found commonly with Caryophyllene and together in other natural mixtures are Lemonene/Biphenyl, Pinene, Linalool , Myrcene, Borneol and Eucalyptol. They have found that Lemonene can actually effect your mood when smoked or ingested, and they are doing further research, in which I am pretty sure they are going to find that Lemonoids are an entire class of Cannabinoids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonoid
Myrcene is a Major Terpene in many plants. It is the most abundant Terpene in Hops, which means they are a large portion of what makes Beer what it is. It is also found in Lemon Grass and Indian Bay Leaves.
Myrcene itself has Opiod Analgesic (Pain Killer) effects, but it also helps other Molecules cross the Blood Brain Barrier.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrcene
Terpenes are an over arching group, but there are Diterpenes and Triterpenes and Sesquiterpenes, etc. And you can find them in pretty much every plant. Terpenes make up pretty much the entire world of Natural Smells and Medicines. Everything from Lemon Peels, to Tree Sap, to Cooking Herbs, to Catnip, Essential Oils,Aromatherapy oils etc etc etc. It all has some kind of Terpene in it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraterpene

Antimony
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the element. For the town, see Antimony, Utah. For the mountain, see Antimony Peak. For the paradox, see Antinomy. For the fictional character, seeAntimony Carver.
Antimony, 51Sb

General properties
Name, symbol antimony, Sb
Appearance silvery lustrous gray
Pronunciation UK /ˈæntᵻməni/, an-ti-mə-nee
US /ˈæntᵻmoʊni/,an-ti-moh-nee
Antimony in the periodic table

As
↑
Sb
↓
Bi
tin ← antimony → tellurium
Atomic number (Z) 51
Group, block group 15 (pnictogens), p-block
Period period 5
Element category metalloid
Standard atomic weight (±) (Ar) 121.760(1)[1]
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
per shell
2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase solid
Melting point 903.78 K (630.63 °C, 1167.13 °F)
Boiling point 1908 K (1635 °C, 2975 °F)
Density near r.t. 6.697 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p. 6.53 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 19.79 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 193.43 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 25.23 J/(mol·K)
vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −3 (anamphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.05
Ionization energies 1st: 834 kJ/mol
2nd: 1594.9 kJ/mol
3rd: 2440 kJ/mol
(more)
Atomic radius empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius 139±5 pm
Van der Waals radius 206 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure rhombohedral

Speed of soundthin rod 3420 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 11 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity 24.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 417 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[2]
Young's modulus 55 GPa
Shear modulus 20 GPa
Bulk modulus 42 GPa
Mohs hardness 3.0
Brinell hardness 294–384 MPa
CAS Number 7440-36-0
History
Discovery 3000 BC
First isolation Vannoccio Biringuccio(1540)
Most stable isotopes of antimony
iso NA half-life DM DE(MeV) DP
121Sb 57.36% – (SF) <25.718
123Sb 42.64% – (SF) <23.454
125Sb syn 2.7582 y β− 0.767 125Te
Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed

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Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery. In the West, it was first isolated by Vannoccio Biringuccio and described in 1540, although in primitive cultures its powder has been used to cure eye ailments, as also for eye shadow, since time immemorial, and is often referred to by its Arabic name, kohl.[3]

For some time, China has been the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from theXikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods to produce antimony are roasting and reduction using carbon or direct reduction of stibnite with iron.

Biochemistry Papers
https://www.rollitup.org/t/biochemistry-papers.904613/

For information and research id have something more reliable then wikipedia community college doesnt even allow wiki research +rep for the effort though

Dear ol" Thankful Grower! said:

For information and research id have something more reliable then wikipedia community college doesnt even allow wiki research +rep for the effort though

Click to expand...

http://m.livescience.com/32950-how-accurate-is-wikipedia.html

obviously for deep research peer reviewed journals etc should be the go to source but since access to those are limited wiki is reliable enough for almost everything but the most intensive academic research

Finshaggy said:

Terpenes come from plants and make up most of what we smell, there are other smell Molecules, but Terpenes are what make up almost all of the plant smell world and a few other smell worlds. For example, Menthol comes from Mint and is the Terpene use in all mint Flavoring. Terpenes are also what make up a vast majority of Fragrance molecules that can be used to create Fragrance mixtures or to create Original Smell Molecules.

Caryophyllene is not very commonly known, but this is what they use to train Dogs to smell for Marijuana. Caryophyllene can also be found in Black Pepper, Cloves, Hops, Basil, Oregano & Marijuana . Caryophyllene attaches to the CB2 receptor, but the plants that contain it are not illegal because it is not similar to THC in structure. Caryophyllene is the first Cannabinoid to be approved as a food additive by the FDA. Uziza leaf or the Uziza Peppercorns are the best source for Caryophyllene, Uziza is related to the Pepper (Black Peppercorn) plant and it is popular in Nigeria, but it has not been common in Europe since the Middle Ages. In Nigeria they use Pepper, Uziza, and other spices like "Grains of Paradise" that we do not use commonly in America.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_guineense
Buy Uziza
http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=Piper+guineense

Other Terpenes that are found commonly with Caryophyllene and together in other natural mixtures are Lemonene/Biphenyl, Pinene, Linalool , Myrcene, Borneol and Eucalyptol. They have found that Lemonene can actually effect your mood when smoked or ingested, and they are doing further research, in which I am pretty sure they are going to find that Lemonoids are an entire class of Cannabinoids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonoid
Myrcene is a Major Terpene in many plants. It is the most abundant Terpene in Hops, which means they are a large portion of what makes Beer what it is. It is also found in Lemon Grass and Indian Bay Leaves.
Myrcene itself has Opiod Analgesic (Pain Killer) effects, but it also helps other Molecules cross the Blood Brain Barrier.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrcene
Terpenes are an over arching group, but there are Diterpenes and Triterpenes and Sesquiterpenes, etc. And you can find them in pretty much every plant. Terpenes make up pretty much the entire world of Natural Smells and Medicines. Everything from Lemon Peels, to Tree Sap, to Cooking Herbs, to Catnip, Essential Oils,Aromatherapy oils etc etc etc. It all has some kind of Terpene in it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraterpene

Click to expand...

Terpene is any compound synthesized from isoprene subunits.
Cannabinoids a sub group
Essential oils a sub group, volatile,
Resins a sub group,
some vitamins
mono, sesqui, di, tri, tetra, hetpa terpenes, refers to the number of isoprene (5 carbon) subunits
but not always multiples of 5, soooo, people study for years.

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Black hole
For other uses, see Black hole (disambiguation).

Simulation of gravitational lensing by a black hole, which distorts the image of a galaxy in the background
A black hole is a region of spacetimeexhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—including particles andelectromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.[1] The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compactmass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.[2][3] The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called theevent horizon. Although crossing the event horizon has enormous effect on the fate of the object crossing it, it appears to have no locally detectable features. In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light.[4][5] Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is on the order of billionths of a kelvin for black holes of stellar mass, making it essentially impossible to observe.

Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found byKarl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published byDavid Finkelstein in 1958. Black holes were long considered a mathematical curiosity; it was during the 1960s that theoretical work showed they were a generic prediction of general relativity. The discovery of neutron stars sparked interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality.

Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes of millions ofsolar masses (M☉) may form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies.

Despite its invisible interior, the presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and withelectromagnetic radiation such as visible light. Matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction, forming some of the brightest objects in the universe. If there are other stars orbiting a black hole, their orbits can be used to determine the black hole's mass and location. Such observations can be used to exclude possible alternatives such as neutron stars. In this way, astronomers have identified numerous stellar black hole candidates inbinary systems, and established that the radio source known as Sagittarius A*, at the core of our own Milky Way galaxy, contains a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 millionsolar masses.

On 11 February 2016, the LIGO collaborationannounced the first observation ofgravitational waves; because these waves were generated from a black hole merger it was the first ever direct detection of a binary black hole merger.[6]


Predicted appearance of non-rotating black hole with toroidal ring of ionised matter, such as has been proposed[7]as a model for Sagittarius A*. The asymmetry is due to the Doppler effect resulting from the enormous orbital speed needed for centrifugal balance of the very strong gravitational attraction of the hole.



History

Properties and structure

Formation and evolution

Observational evidence

Open questions

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
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Last edited 7 days ago by Dawnseeker2000

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Flan 101

Flan is a traditional Puerto Rican dessert. We've all eaten it and love it. Most of us are a bit weary of the task of making it. But, we are here to tell you it is easy. These are the 'basic' instructions. All that changes are the ingredients. We've included several flavors on this page.



First prepare the caramel so that it has time to 'set' before pouring in the custard.

The Caramel
The most daunting part of preparing a flan was the caramel. I was always afraid of burning myself or burning the caramel. Preparing the caramel in the microwave is so easy, un guame!

Pour 1 cup sugar and about ¼ cup water in a microwave safe cup. I use a 2 cup glass Pyrex measuring cup. Just stir the sugar and water a bit and microwave on high for about 5 minutes until it reaches the right color. Once 4 minutes have passed keep your eye in the microwave. You need to open the door once the caramel reaches that golden color. If it is not dark enough at 5 minutes, add another 30 seconds, but open the door once the color is right. You are looking to get the perfect color, not too light and not too dark.

Then just pour into the flan pan and swirl to cover the bottom. Always let the caramel set before pouring in the custard. How easy is that?

Next get the 'baño de María' or bain-marie (water bath) ready. I use a large cookie sheet on the bottom, then set a large roasting pan on the sheet. At the last minute you will need to boil some water to pour into the roasting pan. Start water to boil when just before you begin preparing custard.



Now that the mold and baño are ready prepare the flan as per your recipe. see photo on right





Carefully pour the custard into the mold. Cover with foil, sit in the roasting pan, add the hot water to the roasting pan no more than half way up, and bake at 350° for about an hour.

Test for doneness by inserting a wet knife in the center, if it comes clean it's done. Larger flans will take 1½ hours. If the flan does not seem solid in the middle, bake it longer, test again. Remove from the oven and let it cool down to the touch. Refrigerate at least 6 hours before serving.

To serve run a knife around the inside of the mold, cover the mold with a dish that has a bit of a lip to hold the caramel, such as a pie plate. Carefully flip it over and wait a few minutes until the flan has dropped. Carefully lift the mold. (For ramekins use individual saucers).

I often bake my flan ahead 2 or 3 days leaving in in the mold in the fridge. Leaving it in the mold makes it easy to carry out of the house, make sure you put it in an ice chest if you are taking it out. Serve cold.

Good to note here that traditional Puerto Rican flan usually has more than 6 eggs, and turns out firmer than the flan served in the United States. I use 8 - 10 eggs since I am a traditionalist and like to prepare things the way my mother did (she used 10). I add a tablespoon of vanilla for richer flavor.

More eggs means a larger flan and takes a bit longer to cook and it is more solid or firm and not jiggly. It is a Puerto Rican thing. Just add extra eggs and vanilla and that's all, if you like it firm.

See our 'How to Make Flan' visual here.

Basic Flan Recipe - Vanilla Flan
The most popular flavor

1 cup sugar
6 large eggs
1 14-oz can sweetened condensed milk
2 13-oz cans evaporated milk
1 tb vanilla

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page.

Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean



Flan de Queso - Cream Cheese FlanThis is the second favorite flan

6-8 eggs
2 12-oz can evaporated milk
1 14-oz can sweetened condensed milk
1 cup sugar
1 8-oz package cream cheese, softened



Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Beat the cream cheese with an electric mixer until smooth add eggs and mix. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean



Flan de Coco
This is very popular

8 eggs
2 15-oz can coconut milk
1 1/2 cups whole milk
2 cups sugar

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bañi de Maria and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean



Flan de Coco y Queso - Coconut-Cream-Cheese Flan

Follow the recipe for Flan de Coco, add 1 8-oz package softened cream cheese. Mix the cream cheese first with the mixer then add the eggs, then the rest of the ingredients. YUM!

Coffee Flan

6 eggs
14 oz sweetened condensed milk
7 oz whole milk
8 oz cream (or evaporated milk)
1 cup sugar
1 tsp cinnamon
2 tbs instant coffee (dissolved in a tablespoon of water)
1 tbp of vanilla

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.



Orange Flan - Flan de China

6 eggs
2 cups half-and-half (or heavy cream for a richer, denser custard)
1 14-oz can sweetened condensed milk
grated zest of ½ large orange
grated zest of ½ large lemon
½ cup orange juice
1 cup sugar

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. . Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.



Coquito Flan

2 cups coquito (yes, must have Puerto Rican rum, of course)
6 eggs
8 oz cream cheese, softened
1 teaspoon vanilla extract

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Beat the cream cheese with an electric mixer until smooth add eggs and mix. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.



Flan de Piña - Pineapple Flan

8 eggs
2 ½ cups pure (100%) pineapple juice
1 tbs corn starch
1 cup whole milk
1 cup sugar
1 tsp vanilla extract
2 tbs rum

Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.


Almond Flan

6 eggs
1 12-oz can evaporated milk
1 14-oz can sweetened condensed milk½ cup sugar
1 tablespoon almond extract



Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.

Loly's Flan
Puerto Rican Style
this recipe makes a large flan

Mami used to make the most delicious flan than none of us have been able to match. It was a thick flan and it was always perfect.

12 eggs, whole
1½ cups sugar
1 can evaporated milk
1 can condensed milk
1 cup fresh whole milk
1 tbp vanilla plus another ½ tsp vanilla
dash of salt


Preheat oven to 350°. Prepare bain-Marie and caramelize the mold as per instructions at the top of this page. Mix eggs with an electric mixer. Add the rest of the ingredients. Blend smooth but do not over mix. Pour custard into caramelized mold, cover with foil, and sit in the baño de María. Then pour hot water into the baño and into the oven for 1 to 1½ hours until done and knife comes clean.