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		<title>Marijuana Growing - Technology / Science</title>
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			<title>This kid might be smarter than Einstein.</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/653758-kid-might-smarter-than-einstein.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 12 May 2013 18:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22477958 
 
 
                                        A teenager who was diagnosed with autism and told he  would never...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22477958" target="_blank">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22477958</a><br />
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                                        A teenager who was diagnosed with autism and told he  would never be able to read has been tipped as a future Nobel prize  winner. <br />
         Jacob Barnett, who was diagnosed with moderate to severe  autism at two years old, is now studying for a Master's degree in  quantum physics. <br />
         Experts say the 14-year-old student from Indiana has an IQ higher than that of Albert Einstein.<br />
         His mother Kristine Barnett, author of The Spark: A Mother's  Story of Nurturing Genius, told BBC Breakfast she initially found it  hard to get Jacob the right education.</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>Moebius</dc:creator>
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			<title>Understanding Cancer Quackery</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/653590-understanding-cancer-quackery.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 12 May 2013 10:23:45 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Many people have found this helpful over at the Facebook page I run.  Written by my co-admin. 
 
 
Cancer quackery (along with charlatanism...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Many people have found this helpful over at the Facebook page I run.  Written by my co-admin.<br />
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Cancer quackery (along with charlatanism surrounding HIV/AIDs)  has to be one of the most noxious of all pseudoscience-based  enterprises. The enormous prevalence of cancer represents immensely  fertile ground for scammers, and 'alternative treatments' for cancer are  sought by millions, supporting a sickeningly steady cash-flow in the  direction of fakes, charlatans, and otherwise ignorant followers of  charismatic nasties. As well as fostering generalised distrust in  science and burning holes in wallets, cancer pseudoscience often steers  patients away from their one and only shot at survival. <br />
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The  Internet is abuzz with 'natural remedies' and 'holistic measures'  against cancer, and a quick trawl through some of the websites spouting  these false claims reveals that the nature and extent of the 'errors'  (lies?) upon which they are based are as varied as they are pernicious.  However, two hallmarks crop up invariably: 1, a gross de-emphasis of the  complexity and diversity of cancer, and 2, a blurring of the (extremely  important) distinction between cancer prevention and cancer cure.  Equipped with a basic understanding of how cancer works, cancer  pseudoscientists&#8217; lack thereof becomes painfully obvious. They  chronically demonstrate ignorance of the most elementary aspects of  oncology which, when combined with a total lack of legal regulation (not  to mention endorsement by certain celebrities), enables them to claim,  smilingly, that they know the secret to curing cancer. In this note, I  offer a basic explanation of how cancer works, focusing on the  not-widely-enough-appreciated role that evolution, by means of natural  selection, plays in tumour growth and development. Above all, I aim to  facilitate your feeling more confident, in any future debates you might  have, that 'cancer cure' pedlars, whether through malice or misguidance,  are full of shit.<br />
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<br />
<u>Some necessary background information</u><br />
I  think the best place to start is to consider normal body cells. Unlike  free-living cells, such as bacteria, the cells of our body do not  compete with each other for their own &#8216;selfish&#8217; genetic propagation. On  the contrary, they co-operate on a huge scale, through a vast network of  elaborate communication mechanisms, dividing and assuming designated  roles in adherence to instruction and signals, and even committing  suicide, on cue, for the interests of the aggregate. This non-rebellious  behaviour is of course explained by the fact that body cells are a  collection of clones. Co-operative behaviour contributes to the  propagation of their genes. <br />
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In each somatic cell (that  means all cells except sperms and eggs), there is a copy of the body&#8217;s  genome. Your genome is the sum of all your body&#8217;s genetic information,  which is organised into 46 chromosomes &#8211; 22 pairs of 'autosomes' and one  pair of sex chromosomes (&#8216;XX&#8217; or &#8216;XY&#8217;, depending on whether you are a  boy or a girl). Far from being an inaccessible &#8216;blueprint&#8217;, as it is  often dubbed, each cell&#8217;s genome is a dynamically active factory,  churning out myriad different proteins in response to incoming demands,  which are communicated via precise chemical signals that either come  from within the cell, or originate somewhere else in the body. These  signals work by selecting specific stretches of gene sequence (&#8216;written&#8217;  in DNA) to be read off and converted into corresponding protein  sequences (which are &#8216;written&#8217; in amino acids). There are an enormous  number of different proteins, each of which coils, bends and folds into  its own unique shape. Some of these shapes act as building blocks for  making structures such as muscle and skin, whereas others function as  tools for breaking things apart, or putting things together. Some act as  vehicles, carrying important stuff around the body, while others work  to neutralise germs and viruses that get into us. Yet another class of  proteins work in communication, as chemical signals (like those  mentioned above), to trigger the production of yet more proteins,  perhaps in cells some distance away from the ones in which they  themselves were put together. In some cases, a protein&#8217;s communication  errand entails recognising a certain sequence on a certain chromosome,  and sticking to it in order to deactivate a gene, or perhaps cause it to  go into programmed hyperactivity, which would result in a concentrated  outflow of a specific protein. So, as we can see, each copy of the  genome (in every cell) acts like a mini-factory, and The Genome, in its  singlular, more abstract sense, is responsible for matching supply and  demand in a vast supersystem of interconnected production, maintenance,  communication, and transport subsystems.<br />
<br />
<br />
The growth and  maintenance of this supersystem depends on cells&#8217; ability to make  copies of themselves, which is itself based on DNA&#8217;s ability to  self-duplicate, since every new cell needs its own copy of The Genome.  As with any copying system, DNA replication has an inherent, unavoidable  error-rate. In the course of a human lifetime, some  10,000,000,000,000,000, (yep, that&#8217;s ten thousand million million) cell  divisions take place. It is estimated that the probability of an error  being made is approximately 0.000001 per gene, per cell division, under  normal circumstances (i.e. in the absence of mutagens&#8211; substances which  promote mutation). It follows that any given gene in The Genome can be  expected to have experienced mutation around one million times in one  lifetime. Unsurprisingly, evolution has stumbled across a number of  mechanisms to fix errors as they arise. Occasionally, however, things do  slip through the net. And it is at these moments of accidental neglect  that cancer has its chance to begin laying the groundwork for  infiltration.<br />
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<br />
<u>So, what is cancer?</u><br />
Cancer  is the product of a collection of genetic alterations that promote  &#8216;selfish&#8217; behaviour in cells, at the expense of the body in which they  live. A situation is set up in which natural selection, fuelled by a  building momentum of newly-acquired mutations, works (unintentionally,  of course), to cultivate an increasingly deviant population of cells  that &#8220;compete&#8221; with their neighbours to proliferate their own mutant  genotypes, a phenomenon which begins to manifest as a tumour. In the  sense that they are subject to natural selection, tumour cells have  started to look quite like unicellular organisms such as bacteria,  which, as we know all-too-well, can evolve extremely quickly, thanks to  the exponentiating speed with which a cell population can multiply. So,  in the case of cancer, what kind of accidentally-acquired traits could  flip a perfectly respectable, law-abiding body cell into the realms of  cancerous activity? And what skills might then be useful for it in its  selfish accrual of control?<br />
<br />
<br />
The most obvious power that  must be acquired by a somatic (body) cell, via a change in its copy of  the genome, is that of overcoming restraints on cell division. Cells  that begin breaking the rules like this are, in most cases, eventually  detected by patrolling immune surveillance mechanisms and sentenced to  death by &#8220;apoptosis&#8221;, which consists in a signal that commands the cell  to digest itself. By the time detection occurs, therefore, for the  trajectory of cancer development to continue, another &#8216;ability&#8217; must  have been acquired: the faculty to evade such a signal. A mutation  conferring this ability may arise before or after uncontrolled cell  division was allowed to begin, but of course one of the numerical  implications of increased division is that the absolute rate of copying  errors is increased, so it follows that an  already-illegitimately-dividing cell lineage has an enhanced likelihood  of chancing upon a signal-evasion mutation. <br />
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Now, any <i>additional</i>  increase in tendency toward DNA mutation represents another  advantageous trait for a cancer cell in-the-making and, therefore, any  mutation that deactivates DNA repair mechanisms, or tampers with DNA  copying mechanisms themselves, become favoured. (As a quick <i>aside</i>,  when we talk of a &#8220;favoured&#8221; mutation, what do we mean, in this  context? Well, simply one that boosts a cell&#8217;s probability of  reproducing more prolifically, <i>relative to cells lacking the mutation &#8211; </i>a condition whichresults in it being <i>replicated more than its un-mutated</i> <i>counterpart</i>, and thus becoming increasingly proportionately well-represented in the population, as this population grows.) <br />
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The  next barrier a potential cancer cell in a growing mass must overcome is  the ability to colonise other parts of the body. This feat necessitates  breaking free from the stringy matrix of proteins that surrounds all  cells, keeping them stationary. Without away to do this, a cell can  spawn a mass of abnormal offspring, but this localised tumour can be  easily surgically removed. Such a tumour is considered &#8216;benign&#8217;.  Conversely, a tumour whose cells have undergone mutations that allow  them to invade surrounding tissues is considered malignant. Fugitive  cells are said to have <i>metastasised,</i> escaping through blood or lymphatic vessels to form secondary tumours, or <i>metastases, </i>in other parts of the body. Once this has happened, it can be very difficult, and often impossible, to eradicate the disease.<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>A 'Miracle Cure' for cancer?</u><br />
Now,  in case it hasn&#8217;t already become clear that no amount of Chinese herbs  or mango juice, or religious adherence to a macrobiotic diet could  possibly 'cure cancer', I want to discuss this now. 'Cancer' is in fact  not a disease, but a <i>category</i> of <i>highly diverse</i> diseases, the exact causes of which, both ultimate <i>and</i> proximate, are different in <i>every patient</i>. At this point, I want to distinguish between <i>ultimate</i> and <i>proximate </i>causes.  Ultimate causes are things like smoking, drinking, exposure to  radiation or UV, inherited predisposition, diet, lack of physical  activity, and a whole load of other things that are yet to be  identified. Proximate causes are the <i>specific</i> <i>mutations</i>, conferring the <i>specific traits</i>  discussed above, that allow cancer to begin and progress. Everyone  knows that cancers have a lot of different, interacting ultimate causes.  What a lot of people don&#8217;t know is that cancers have an extraordinarily  diverse set of proximate causes, too. <br />
<br />
It is thought that, in  most cases, between 5 and 10 mutations, contributing towards the selfish  powers outlined above, are needed to create the conditions for  full-blown cancer. However, (and crucial for our purposes of winning in a  debate in which somebody says that cancer can be cured with megadoses  of vitamin C, ginseng tea and bloodroot extract), these mutations may  appear in <i>any of thousands of candidate genes. </i>A &#8220;favourable&#8221;  cancer-enabling trait like genetic instability could be achieved through  disruption of any of a huge number of possible cellular systems, at any  of a huge number of potential stages along the biochemical pathway  making up such a system. Since so many genes, and such an immense number  of genetic interactions and systems are involved in the regulation of  cell behaviour, in any given case, a unique profile of mutations (and  therefore a unique set of cellular malfunctions) can give rise to the  same cancerous symptoms in cells. This can be seen by looking at the  genetic mutations found in tumours from different people suffering from  the <i>same form</i> <i>of cancer</i>. While there are some genes that  present mutations in a considerable number of cases, most mutations  harboured in a cancer cell genome are ones that have <i>never been seen before</i>. In fact, if you compare cells taken from different areas of <i>the same tumour</i>,  you find that there is considerable diversity in terms of what has  mutated. Also, the more genetically diverse a tumour cell population is,  the better its odds, by chance, of harbouring mutations that protect it  from potential treatments, so the more likely it is to survive and  recoup after an attack from a course of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or  individually-targeted drugs. Particularly sinister here is that, since  the survivors of such an attack become the genetic founders of the  subsequently regenerated tumour cell population, any mutations which  played a role in allowing the surviving cells to live through such an  attack will now be ubiquitous. By the time the tumour has grown back, it  will therefore be extra-robust: more resistant to future attacks of the  same kind, and sporting a whole load of new mutations to boot. This is  just one of the reasons why choosing the right treatment, at the right  dosage, is absolutely critical.<br />
<br />
At the centre of cancer are  not &#8216;cancer genes&#8217;, but an interdependent, and massively complex network  of biochemical pathways, all of which are potentially disturbed by  mutations in any of the genes involved in making them work. An effective  cancer drug therefore needs a very specific mode of action &#8211; it needs  to attack individual components of a faulty biochemical pathway. <i>In the absence of knowledge of which biochemical pathways have been mutated, there is no &#8216;way in&#8217;.</i>  We are far from understanding all cellular biochemical pathways, and  even further from understanding the precise ways in which each gene is  involved in those pathways. What we do know is that it is monstrously  and mind-bogglingly convoluted. I hope it&#8217;s becoming clear by now just  how impossible it is for someone who has not examined the genetic  aberrations within a specific tumour, and who does not understand cell  biology, to make it go away.<br />
<br />
Even if we did have a full  documentation and understanding of all the biochemistry going on in  cells, the idea of a comprehensive, all-round &#8220;Cure for Cancer&#8221; is  implausible, due to the sheer number of different genetic and chemical  components involved in different types of &#8216;the disease&#8217;.<br />
<br />
Current  cancer treatments take advantage of the properties that define cancer  cells as distinct from normal cells. For example, some exploit their  genetic instability. Ionising radiation, for instance, damages DNA. Both  normal and abnormal cells get zapped, but whilst normal cells will  arrest their cell cycles until they have repaired it, cancer cells,  characterised by their &#8216;ability&#8217; to ignore damage to their DNA and  continue dividing, continue to multiply, and therefore die as a result  of the catastrophic DNA damage they experience when they attempt to  divide with defective chromosomes. <br />
<br />
The main defining  feature of CAM cancer 'treatments', as compared with science-based  cancer treatments (apart from the simple fact that the former do not  work, of course :) ) is that, unlike science-based cancer treatments,  they are <i>not</i> <i>targeted</i>. Drug targets emerge from what is  known about cell biochemistry. Biochemical pathways that can be seen to  have been disrupted by mutation in a significant number of cancer cases  represent places to look for such targets. Their various stages each  represent a sort of window through which cellular behaviour might be  modulated. Herceptin provides a good illustration. The 'HER2' gene,  which mediates the 'HER2' pathway, is mutated in 20-30% of breast  cancers, causing the production of too much of a certain protein which,  through a cascade of cellular communication events, triggers cell  proliferation. Herceptin intersects at one of these stages, and can in  some cases halt tumour growth. The success of the treatment depends on  perfect specificity between the drug and the drug target.<br />
<br />
'Complementary'  and 'Alternative' medicine (CAM) providers&#8217; claims that alkaline water,  or juice-fasting, or coffee enemas can 'cure cancer', apart from  anything else, makes the erroneous assumption that cancer is a single  disease, entirely overlooking the diversity that characterises cancer as  a disease category, and directs research in oncology. These cancer <i>cure</i> claims can often also be easily identified by their appearance in CAM (or general) advice on cancer <i>prevention</i>. There are indeed various lifestyle changes that can be made to reduce risk of cancer <i>onset</i>,  but once cancer has begun, none of these changes are capable of  targeting an already-growing mass of cells. Reducing risk of cancer  involves minimising risk of genetic mutation before the event.  Incidentally, many phoney cancer-cure claimants invoke the 'power of  antioxidants' to destroy tumours. This presumably stems from the  suggestion that antioxidants can help reduce the <i>risk</i> of cancers  developing in the first place. Notwithstanding the fact that the  antioxidant hypothesis has now been called into question (see <a href="http://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fextremelongevity.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fantioxidants.pdf&amp;h=KAQGOWfP1&amp;s=1" target="_blank">http://extremelongevity.net/wp-content/uploads/antioxidants.pdf</a>),  the reasoning that says &#8220;since antioxidants help prevent cancer,  flooding already-present cancer with them must help to cure it too&#8221; is  fallacious, and in some cases, antioxidants can actually help protect  cancer cells that have broken away from their surrounding mesh of  protein and would otherwise have died as a result. <br />
<br />
While  some of the big cheeses in CAM are no doubt ignorant rather than just  callous, I'm not sure the distinction is particularly pertinent, since  their ignorance is elective. All the information is out there, and  making the active decision not to study cancer before taking cancer  patients' lives into one's hands is shamelessly unethical. Hardly  surprising though, since being an oncologist means years of training and  difficult exams. CAM practitioners seem to want it all: to avoid ever  putting in any effort to really understand cancer pathology, yet reap  the rewards of being looked up to as experts; to earn the money and the  reputation, yet circumvent the academic scrutiny that legitimises it. To  achieve all this, they cheat, lie and manipulate, unconditionally  dismissing all evidence against the efficacy of their methods. They cash  in on oncologists&#8217; deeply-held responsibility to be absolutely  realistic about what can and cannot be expected from available treatment  in any given case, offering failsafe cures where doctors could not. As <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>&#8217;sDavid  Gorski puts it: &#8220;It is ironic that CAM proponents often simultaneously  tout how individualized their treatment approach is, but then claim that  one product or treatment can cure all cancer. Meanwhile they criticize  the alleged cookie-cutter approach of mainstream medicine, which is  actually producing a more and more individualized (and evidence-based)  approach to such things as cancer.&#8221; <br />
<br />
Our only weapon  against CAM&#8217;s Crimes Against Humanity is education. Next time someone  casually mentions that cancer can be cured &quot;from within&quot;, or that &#8220;acid  degradation of cells&#8221; is what causes cancer, don&#8217;t let it slide!<br />
<br />
&#8211; E. R. Eastop</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>Heisenberg</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/653590-understanding-cancer-quackery.html</guid>
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			<title><![CDATA[**@@The "Inverse Square Law" Double The Distance = 1/4 the DOSE!@@**]]></title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/651816-inverse-square-law-double-distance.html</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 23:17:21 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>* 
 
* Ok guys I formally worked with radiation for a living. We used a formula called the Inverse Square Law to determine our doses of radiation at...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b><br />
<ul><li style=""><font color="#333333"><span style="font-family: Verdana"><div style="margin-left:40px">Ok guys I formally worked with radiation for a living. We used a formula called the Inverse Square Law to determine our doses of radiation at a given distance. The law also works with light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Here is an article pulled from the web with refrences. I know wikipedia isn't the best resource but this is verified and explained pretty well. So in my words if you double the distance of your light wether it be from 1 to 2 inches or 4 to 8 feet you will receive 1/4 or 25% of the Light intensity you received at the original distance. On the other hand the opposite is also true. If you cut the distance in half you will quadruple the Light intensity from the original location. Its a significant loss when your moving your lights. This has always fascinated me and while I'm no genius this has always proved to be useful for me when setting up my lights and deciding on distances. Well I hope this helps some people. Scroll down to see the full article. This is just my dummed down summary, it took me about 6 months to understand the Inverse Square Law.<br />
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<a href="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646841d1367961764-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-mmj.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646841d1367961764t-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-mmj.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><a href="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646842d1367962104-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-inverse-square.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646842d1367962104t-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-inverse-square.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><a href="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646845d1367962273-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-formula.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.rollitup.org/attachments/grow-room-design-setup/2646845d1367962273t-useful-lighting-info-inverse-square-formula.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />
<b>Light and other electromagnetic radiation</b><br />
<br />
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_(physics)" target="_blank">intensity</a> (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminance" target="_blank">illuminance</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance" target="_blank">irradiance</a>) of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" target="_blank">light</a> or other linear waves radiating from a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source" target="_blank">point source</a> (energy per unit of area perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source; so an object (of the same size) twice as far away, receives only one-quarter the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" target="_blank">energy</a> (in the same time period).<br />
More generally, the irradiance, <i>i.e.,</i> the intensity (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)" target="_blank">power</a> per unit area in the direction of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagation" target="_blank">propagation</a>), of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere" target="_blank">spherical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefront" target="_blank">wavefront</a> varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source (assuming there are no losses caused by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(optics)" target="_blank">absorption</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering" target="_blank">scattering</a>).<br />
For example, the intensity of radiation from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" target="_blank">Sun</a> is 9126 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" target="_blank">watts</a> per square meter at the distance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" target="_blank">Mercury</a> (0.387 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit" target="_blank">AU</a>); but only 1367 watts per square meter at the distance of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" target="_blank">Earth</a> (1 AU)an approximate threefold increase in distance results in an approximate ninefold decrease in intensity of radiation.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" target="_blank">photography</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_lighting" target="_blank">theatrical lighting</a>, the inverse-square law is used to determine the &quot;fall off&quot; or the difference in illumination on a subject as it moves closer to or further from the light source. For quick approximations, it is enough to remember that doubling the distance reduces illumination to one quarter;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[4]</a></sup> or similarly, to halve the illumination increase the distance by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2), and to double illumination, reduce the distance to 0.7 (square root of 1/2). When the illuminant is not a point source, the inverse square rule is often still a useful approximation; when the size of the light source is less than one-fifth of the distance to the subject, the calculation error is less than 1%.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_note-5" target="_blank">[5]</a></sup><br />
The fractional reduction in electromagnetic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluence" target="_blank">fluence</a> (&#934;) for indirectly ionizing radiation with increasing distance from a point source can be calculated using the inverse-square law. Since emissions from a point source have radial directions, they intercept at a perpendicular incidence. The area of such a shell is <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/4/8/c48e22b1e13e4648a6d0b41a6ac0eeee.png" border="0" alt="" /> where<i>r</i> is the radial distance from the center. The law is particularly important in diagnostic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography" target="_blank">radiography</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy" target="_blank">radiotherapy</a> treatment planning, though this proportionality does not hold in practical situations unless source dimensions are much smaller than the distance.<br />
<b>References</b><br />
<br />
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" border="0" alt="" /> This article incorporates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_work_by_the_U.S._government" target="_blank">public domain material</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Services_Administration" target="_blank">General Services Administration</a> document <a href="http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm" target="_blank">&quot;Federal Standard 1037C&quot;</a>.<br />
<ul><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-1" target="_blank">^</a></b> Hooke's gravitation was also not yet universal, though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses: See page 239 in Curtis Wilson (1989), &quot;The Newtonian achievement in astronomy&quot;, ch.13 (pages 233274) in &quot;Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics: 2A: Tycho Brahe to Newton&quot;, CUP 1989.</li><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-2" target="_blank">^</a></b> Newton acknowledged Wren, Hooke and Halley in this connection in the Scholium to Proposition 4 in Book 1 (in all editions): See for example the 1729 English translation of the 'Principia', <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA66#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false" target="_blank">at page 66</a>.</li><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-3" target="_blank">^</a></b> Williams, Faller, Hill, E.; Faller, J.; Hill, H. (1971), &quot;New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass&quot;, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" target="_blank">Physical Review Letters</a></i> <b>26</b> (12): 721724, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" target="_blank">Bibcode</a>:<a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhRvL..26..721W" target="_blank">1971PhRvL..26..721W</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" target="_blank">doi</a>:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.26.721" target="_blank">10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.721</a></li><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-4" target="_blank">^</a></b> Millerson,G. (1991) <i>Lighting for Film and Television - 3rd Edition</i> p.27</li><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-5" target="_blank">^</a></b> Ryer,A. (1997) &quot;The Light Measurement Handbook&quot;, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0965835693" target="_blank">ISBN 0-9658356-9-3</a> p.26</li><li style=""><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square_law#cite_ref-Inverse_square_sound_intensity_6-0" target="_blank">^</a></b> <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/invsqs.html" target="_blank">Inverse-Square law for sound</a></li></ul></div><br />
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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>alaskanherbs</dc:creator>
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			<title>Scientifically Speaking</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/649533-scientifically-speaking.html</link>
			<pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 03:42:03 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>hi guys. this thread stems from a reaction i had to a comment in one of mindphucks posts where he was responding to heisenberg in his thread...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>hi guys. this thread stems from a reaction i had to a comment in one of mindphucks posts where he was responding to heisenberg in his thread regarding the validity of the composition of &quot;everything&quot; being made up of energy. sorry i dont recall the specific title of heis's thread. at any rate mindphuck made the comment (not ver batim) that while thoughts were made up of energy, that energy does not transcend our physical bodies. mindphuck, i hope that is at least accurate enough to base my question on. first i must relate the incident that i recollected from that comment. about fifteen years ago i found myself on the road nearly 600 miles from home. i was alone and tired so i exitted the interstate and since i really didnt feel like room shopping i pulled into the first motel i came to. i paid for the room and went to a nearby 24hr diner, ate supper and proceeded back to the motel. before i fell asleep (no weed, no alcohol) i remember being particularly troubled about some &quot;stuff&quot; in my life to the unusual extent of literally agonizing IN MY MIND over it. except for the desk clerk and the waiter i spoke to no one. even then it was just business. no &quot;chatty kathy&quot; shit. the following morning, i went back to the same diner for break fast. my coffee had just been poured when i noticed an older woman, maybe 55-60 excuse herself from her table and walked directly up to me. i had never seen or met this woman in my life. she introduced herself and i told her my first name. she then says to me &quot;im sorry for interrupting your breakfast but if you have just a minute and wouldnt mind, i have somethings to tell you.&quot; at first (for just an instant) i thought she was trying to sell me on her religion but then (just as quickly) i remember thinking &quot;no this is different&quot;. she began addressing all the &quot;stuff&quot; that had so intensely weighed on my mind the previous night. the strangest thing was that when she mentioned them she used the specific descriptive terms that i had been using IN MY MIND, word for word the night before. she said things would work out exactly as they were supposed to and that i would be fine. that spending a lot of time being &quot;so concerned&quot; about the outcome wouldnt change anything. she projected confidence but not cockiness and was very polite. when she was finished she thanked me for my patience and for being kind enough to listen, said she hoped had been of some help and went back to her table. so, eventually things worked out ok. not necessarily what i would have consider ideal but ok. those issues were all things i had never mentioned let alone discussed with anyone (which unfortunately is still my way with things that are bothering me). so now my question. SCIENTIFICALLY SPEAKING, how the fuck can some shit like that happen? i know that that was just a personal experience but i personally and realisticly cannot deny it happened. do you guys have any thoughts on this? i know which direction this would have likely taken in the spirituality section which is why i wanted to keep it here. thanx for your time and consideration.</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>mudminer</dc:creator>
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			<title>Blue Screen of Death</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/648906-blue-screen-death.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sun, 28 Apr 2013 08:34:07 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Hello All, 
 
   I have an old Dell Inspiron 8600 that has always worked like a champ (rarely used).  It has the BSOD, and I need some files.  It...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Hello All,<br />
<br />
   I have an old Dell Inspiron 8600 that has always worked like a champ (rarely used).  It has the BSOD, and I need some files.  It says &quot;Unmountable_Boot_Volume&quot;.  I have the Boot Disk, and Reinstall CD.  Can anyone help me figure out how to access my files with those?  Please and thank you!!</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>ClaytonBigsby</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/648906-blue-screen-death.html</guid>
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			<title>Mom might have cancer...</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/648483-mom-might-have-cancer.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 21:59:20 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Alright guys, Im new here so if I didnt post in the correct place, sorry. lol. I need your guys help.. My mom just went to the hospital a few days...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Alright guys, Im new here so if I didnt post in the correct place, sorry. lol. I need your guys help.. My mom just went to the hospital a few days ago because her back pain was unbearable. The doctors gave her a cat-scan, and they found a 7cm mass growing in her abdomen.. Im afraid its cancer and if it is then I really want her to use cannabis as Ive read online that Harvard did a study on mice and found it effective by reducing the size of the mass by 50%. But she's against Cannabis 100%. She thinks its a gateway drug and how its illegal. She hates it. Period. I just want her to try it without smoking it. But I live in Las Vegas so medical cards are 400$+ So thats out of the question haha. I just need help</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>WeedShouldBeLegal</dc:creator>
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			<title>Any Computer smarties?</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/648228-any-computer-smarties.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 01:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>So im looking for a decent priced (Must be reliable) External HD. To put games on it and mainly i want it to backup my iTunes in case it decides to...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>So im looking for a decent priced (Must be reliable) External HD. To put games on it and mainly i want it to backup my iTunes in case it decides to shit on me and just add must to it! Thansk</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>Timewasmoney1</dc:creator>
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			<title>Help With CPU.  I Cannot download software</title>
			<link>http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/646334-help-cpu-i-cannot-download.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2013 22:05:41 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>Hello All,  After a recent update, I cannot use my GD enter button here to start a new paragraph, and when I try to download software, the only...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Hello All,  After a recent update, I cannot use my GD enter button here to start a new paragraph, and when I try to download software, the only option I get is to open or save the file, which has an underscore instead of a &quot;.&quot; in front of the exe   I am running Avast, on Windows 7, I think it updated to IE10.  I also have TOR which installs Firefox.  I think that may be the problem, but I do not know how to get rid of Firefox without losing TOR.  Any help is sincerely appreciated.  Thank you for looking.</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.rollitup.org/technology-science/">Technology / Science</category>
			<dc:creator>ClaytonBigsby</dc:creator>
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