I should start in about one week or so based on when they start to flower. Will post first pic right before I spray and then update.

Extraction of chemicals from plants

----------------------------------------------------

Alkaloid Extraction


The method I use is a general one - I copied it from one used by some scientists to extract mescaline from peyote, but I have since seen close variations used on many plants. This procedure is followed whenever a plant is studied for its alkaloids.

A few ingredients and bits of equipment are necessary. I am a chemist, and have my own chemistry set. I have considered manufacture, but I find that there are enough interesting things to do just extracting natural compounds, which is much easier, indeed, possible in the home.
You will need:

• A few flasks, glass containers, etc. of suitable sizes, depending on how large a volume you are playing with.
• A separating funnel is almost essential - this could be tricky to get without a little effort. If you don't know, it is an inverted conical flask with a hole at the top to pour stuff in, and a tap at the bottom to let the stuff out accurately. It is used for separating immiscible layers.
• A vacuum filtration apparatus would be very useful; I did have a bodgy one rigged up myself, but it was always difficult to use. Some kind of still, though, is pretty important to have, although conceivably for a once off you could get by without it, if you don't mind breathing in a lot of solvent.

As far as a still goes it is to recover solvent, and leave goodness as a residue at the bottom. I use a bit of quickfit I nicked: a round bottom flask, short column, thermometer on top, and a small condenser... takes forever, but don't expect to follow this procedure in anything under a day.
Other bits and pieces:
A filtre of some sort is a necessity; preferably a good one, with a vacuum pump if you are filtring gluggy stuff (cactus is the worst, sticky goo, e.g., other things like seeds and bark are better). People have been known to use such devices as coffee filtres, t-shirts, tins with holes in the bottom (as a filtre press) and so on. Whatever you can scrounge. A lab buchner funnel, sidearm flask, and venturi pump are ideal. All this stuff is standard in any chemical lab, regardless of discipline.
Chemicals necessary:

• The paydirt (obviously)
• Some solvents: methanol (lots), and a non polar solvent. Some people use ether - this is dangerous and doesn't dissolve everything. Your best bet is probably something chlorinated - I use dichloromethane, although chloroform will do (don't breath too much - it is fun at first, but ends up making you feel ill). Drycleaning fluid... petrol... I don't know what you have access to. Dichloromethane is good because it is non-toxic, volatile, and a good solvent. It has a major drawback: separation is often very difficult once you have placed your gluggy plant muck in there. The shot is to use large quantities of everything, and be patient.
• You will also need an acid (Hydrogen chloride is good)
• and a base/alkali (Sodium hydroxide is good - that way, if you stuff up, you end up synthesizing salt instead of something nasty.)
• Also useful: acid/base indicator paper, boiling chips (porcelain grains) and activated charcoal - see local chemist.

The idea is this: Most fun compounds (the only exception is maybe THC, and alcohol if you count that) are basic - they contain nitrogen. So: in general, if you react them with hydrochloric acid, they form a water soluble chloride. If you react them with dilute base in the aqueous phase, they go back to being a base, which is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic non-polar solvents (like CH2Cl2). So, the theory is, that only a base will go from water to solvent and back to water etc. when changed from acidic to basic and back to acidic. This gives you a way of removing all the other crap which is not alkaloid from a sample. That is the theory. When I do this, if I can get down to some brown or green sludge that I can throw down or smoke, I am happy with a good days work. Ideally, you should end up with lovely white crystals, but I think that would require a lot of time and effort, and indeed a considerable loss of product in the process.
Procedure:

• Get your stuff.
• Dry it as much as possible - this makes life easier later on. You will never get all the water out, but too bad.
• Chop it up as fine as possible: a blender comes in handy. You may wish to chop then dry. A word of caution: try to avoid exposing your stuff to excessive heat. I dry in low heat oven. Heat and air destroy good compounds from upwards of 100 degs C. All this bit will depend on exactly what you are extracting.
• Once it is finely divided - powdered if possible, put it in a big container, and cover it with methanol. Alternatives to methanol here are ethanol (not as good) and acetone (good solvent - rips the crap out of anything, but is more reactive - can react with your actives).

Now, depending on what your stuff is, you have to let the methanol have time to remove it all. This is best done by leaving in a quiet warm place for a few days, even up to a week, and shaking it occasionally so it is mixed. Some papers recommend solvent extraction (soxhlet apparatus) and refluxing at the boiling point of the methanol (80 degs or so - I can't remember). I usually just rely on time to get the good stuff out. When you are ready (early in the morning), filtre the muck, to give you methanol+dissolved brown gunk, and a residue soaked with methanol. The residue still contains a lot of good stuff, so soak again for an hour, and repeat, and do a third time if you are feeling generous (3 is the magic number in extraction work).

When you are done, there is another thing you can do finally, if desired: depending on what your stuff is, mix it up with dilute hydrochloric acid, 1M is appropriate. let stand for an hour, then filtre (this may be very difficult) That will get the last of the alkaloids out of the substrate.
You now have a methanol-plant stuff mixture, and a dilute HCL-plant stuff mixture, if you bothered to do that part.
Evaporate the methanol, to leave a small amount of goo. This will contain water, a bit of methanol, and all kinds of resins and muck, and if you are lucky, the alkaloids.
If a very quick and crude extraction was all that was desired, then after stripping the last of the methanol with vacuum if possible, this residue could be smoked, eaten or whathaveyou. I leave that to your discretion. However, if a cleaner product is desired, the double layer extraction will need to be performed.
Combine the evaporated methanol gunge with the hydrochloric acid filtrate if you have any. If you don't then mix the methanol stuff with an excess of dilute (1M) HCl. Feel free to filtre again at this point. Anything of marginal solubility here is no good to you. Get the stuff as clean as possible. Boiling with activated charcoal is another useful trick for removing gunge. Just boil it up, and filter off the charcoal for a cleaner brew.
You should now have an acid aqueous solution of alkaloids and water solubles from the plant.
Take your acidic solution, and basify. This is done by mixing in dilute sodium hydroxide (I use up to 5M to save on total volume. Be careful with concentrated NaOH - apart from eating skin, it eats alkaloids) As you mix in the NaOH, you will see swirls of white precipitate form and redissolve. Continue until the white swirls stay, and until the solution is quite cloudy. Indicator paper is necessary to see that the solution is basic. If you can't get indicator paper, you can make an indicator by boiling up some purple flowers. The dyes in most flowers go bright red in acid, and green in strong alkali. Just a drop of dye and a drop of mixture should tell you what is acid or base.
The white precipitate is the alkaloids. The more the better.
Next, add equal volume of non-polar solvent (dichloromethane) to the mix. Place in separating funnel, and shake. Separate. This may be very difficult or slow. Adding more solvent, more basic water, etc. may help. Adding lots of salt to the water layer will help break an emulsion. Ideally you want to do this step 3 times - to extract as much as possible from the water layer into the organic. I find this part very difficult, and you have to accept that you will lose quite a lot of material here. It is, however probably easier with some plants that others: cactus is very difficult, barks and seeds would be easier. Use plenty of salt, and agitate to separate.
When you have finished extraction, chuck the basic water layer. The solvent layer is kept, and can be backwashed with salty water for a cleaner mixture.
The solvent can now be dried, (using salt or some dry powder, the filtred) (I don't usually bother with this - the old hairdryer at the end can remove some last solvent and water) then strip the solvent in a vacuum to get your final product - some kind of syrup could be expected. This is super concentrated, but may only be half the strength of the original. e.g. put in enough for 10 doses of morning glory seeds, get back 5 doses or more of concentrated alkaloids.
If it is desired to take the process still further, you can do the obvious thing - mix your solvent layer with dilute acid again and extract back into water. Acid layer could be evaporated under vacuum to give salts of alkaloids. Alternatively, if the organic layer were scrupulously dry, bases could be salted out with some organic acid - a tartrate, oxalate could be formed. I have never bothered with such things - you would need a lot of pure extract to be bothered. The acid-base extraction process can be continued as many times as is desired. If a truly pure product is desired, the only way to go from here is chromatography. I have never used this at home, and wouldn't think it was worth the trouble, but there will be papers available on what was used for a particular extraction case.

------------------------------------------------------------------
REF: http://users.lycaeum.org/~sputnik/Extraction/

• An introduction to alkaloid extraction

ALL FUCKING GOOD READS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Extraction of LSA from Morning Glory & Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds
Extraction of mescaline from San Pedro and Peyote cacti
Another mescaline extraction, from the Journal of the American Chemical Society
Extraction of DMT from Acacia maidenii
Extraction of psilocybin/psilocin from magic mushrooms
Extraction of harmine &c from Peganum harmala seeds
Extracting Myristicin & Safrole from Nutmeg
Extracting THC from Cannabis.
See also:

• The Psychedelic Kitchen Chemistry Guide.
• Common Equivalent Weights and Measures convert from bushels to liters, drams to grams, grains to milligrams, &c.
• Chemical Separations -- Learn what you need to know about distillation, extraction, and chromatography with these pages from a course at the University of Akron.

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

Muhammad Gulfraz*, Abdul Waheed**, Sajid Mehmood*and Munazza Ihtisham*
*Department of Biochemistry, ** Department of Botany
University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Issued 6 January 2006


ABSTRACT

The medicinal values of roots, leaves and fruits of Funnel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), Berbery ( Berberis lyceum Royle ), Vasakaand (Justicia adhatoda L) were explored in this study. The root, leaf and fruit samples of these plant species were collected from hilly areas of Kotli Sattian. Chemical analyses as well as identification of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques were carried out. The results indicate that all three plant species contained Proteins, Sugars, Lipids, Fiber and Vitamin C. Flavonoids and Saponins (Phytohormones) were found only in the fruit and leaf samples of Foeniculum vulgare. Palmatine, and Berberine, (Alkaloids) were present in the leaves, and fruits of Berberis lyceum. Whereas Vasicine and Vasicinone (Alkaloids) accumulated in the roots and leave of Justicia adhatoda. It was observed that roots of Berberis lyceum and Justicia adhatoda contained higher concentrations of all chemical compounds analyzed as compared to fruits and leave except Sugar, and Vitamin C which were high in the fruit of Berberis lyceum . By contrast in case of Foeniculum vulgare leaves and fruits of which contained higher concentration of protein, fats, flavonoids and saponin. The extract of roots, leaves and fruits of these plant species are being used against various infections and diseases in rural population of subcontinent since many centuries. This experiment will help to highlight the importance of these valuable organic compounds found in these plant species and their demand in the market will be increased in the future.
Key words: Berberis lyceum, Justicia adhatoda, Foeniculum vulgare, Natual medicines

INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are a major source of drugs for the treatment of various health disorders especially in rural areas of Pakistan, India, China, Afghanistan, Iran and other countries of this region. The use of plant based medicines (local medicine) dates back to 4000-5000 B.C. Nowadays huge number of allopathic medicines also contain plant based ingredients that are used for their preparation by different companies. There are about 400,000 species of higher plants in the world, as compared to animal’s species that are about 5-10 million. The plant materials contain thousands of chemicals which act against diseases and infections of humans and animals when properly used. Plants contain different types of compounds such as resins, rubbers, gums, waxes, dyes, flavors, fragrances, Proteins, Amino acids, bioactive peptides, Phyto hormones, sugar, flavonoids and bio pesticides. Furthermore according to assessment of WHO about 80% of world population depend on medicinal plants for their health care needs, and more than 30% of the pharmaceutical preparations are based on plants (1). Where as some reports indicated that there are 90 popular medicinal plants and different Pharmaceutical companies are using extracts of these plants in various drugs. Scientists throughout the world are trying to explore the precious assets of medicinal plants to help the suffering humanity (2). However, the developed countries mostly import raw material from developing countries and after processing export it back as high priced prepared medicines to developing countries (1).
In Pakistan about 2000 plant species have been established of having some medicinal value, out of which only 400 are being used extensively in traditional medicine. Although Pakistan has variety in climate and rich in medicinal plants, but no systematic attempt has been made for utilization of natural resources of this country (3).
Justicia adhatoda is one of the most important plant species and dominant vegetation of hilly areas of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and extended up to NWFP (4). It belongs to family Acanthaceae, subclass Asteridaeand species Adhatoda. It is evergreen, gregarious shrub 3-6 m long, large leaves lanceolate 10-20 by 4-8 cm. The flowers are white or purple arranged in short, dense auxiliary pedunculate inflorescence. (5).
The medicinal properties of Justicia adhatoda are well known in India, Pakistan and several other countries for many years. It was reported by different authors that roots, leaves and flowers of the plant species contained alkaloids (Vascine and Vasicinone etc), flavonoids and an essential oil (3)
The leaves of Justicia adhatoda are mostly used in the treatment of respiratory disorders in Ayurveda. The alkaloids, vasicine and vasicinone present in the leaves, possess respiratory stimulant activity (6). Vasicine, at low concentrations, induced bronchodilation and relaxation of the tracheal muscle. However, at high concentrations, vasicine offered significant protection against histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Vasicinone, the auto-oxidation product of vasicine has been reported to cause bronchodilatory effects both in vitro and in vivo (7).
Berberis lyceum is locally known as simbuli or simbulu belonging to family Berberidaceae. It is about 4-6 feet in height with thorny branches. The leaves are somewhat obviate, with ciliated teeth on their margins. The flowers are drooping racemes, with yellow petals. The berries (fruit) grow in loose bunches (.
Berberis lyceum is valued mainly for its fruits and roots, which contain alkaloids like berberine and palmitine. These alkaloids are effective against eye diseases, febrifuge, and piles (9). Whereas,an extract made from its roots (known as ‘rasaunt’) is used against many infections including eye’s disorders (10). Similarly in some areas of India and Pakistan its fruits are mostly used as a tonic against liver and heart diseases (11). Furthermore it has antihistaminic, stomachic, astringent, antipyretic and diaphoretic properties (12).
Foeniculum vulgare iscommonly known as fennel and develops an edible bulb (containing leave and formed thick base), which is becoming popular as a vegetable. The leave, stalks and seeds (fruits) of this plant are edible. It is used as carminative, lactogogue and diuretic (13). Foeniculum vulgare is an aromatic herb whose fruits are oblong, ellipsoid or cylindrical, straight or slightly curved and greenish or yellowish brown in color. The weight of seeds can be between 6 and 7 mg where as length is 6 mm and width 2mm. The dried, aromatic fruits are widely employed in culinary preparations for flavoring bread, pastry and candies. It is also used in alcohol liqueurs, as well as in cosmetic and medicinal preparations. (13). This herb has finely out feathery foliage, umbels of mid summer flowers, curved, ribbed seeds and a thick root. It is used as an expensive and extravagant spice and vegetable in different parts of the world. Its seeds contain essential oil, which is used for many purposes by human population (14).
The oil of Foeniculum vulgare regulates the peristaltic functions of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing emptying time and increasing the passage of gas. It also relieves the spasm of intestines. It was experimentally observed that Foeniculum seeds are effective against hernias and hydrocele when used with other salts or ingredients. (15).
Keeping in view the importance of these valuable medicinal plants, the present study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives:

1. To assess the bioactive compounds of Berberis lyceum, Justicia adhatoda and Foeniculum vulgare
2. To compare the chemical compounds found in Berberis lyceum roots andfruits with leaves and roots of Justicia adhatoda and Foeniculum vulgare
3. Assessment of chemical compounds found in leaves and seeds of Foeniculum vulgare

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of samples

The samples (roots, leaves and fruits) of Berberis lyceum, Foeniculum vulgare and Justicia adhatoda were collected from different localities of hilly areas of Kotli Sattian, District Rawalpindi, Pakistan during March and May, 2005. The samples of root and fruit (Berberis lyceum), leave andfruit (Foeniculum vulgare) and root and leafof Justicia adhatoda were collected in clean plastic bags and labeled with date, number and location of samples.
Preparation of Samples
After collection the roots, leaves and fruits samples of Berberis lyceum, Foeniculum vulgare and Justicia adhatoda were washed and sun dried, followed by oven drying. Finally the samples were crushed and converted into powdered form and stored for further analysis.
Chemical analysis of Plants
The root, leaf and fruit samples of these plants species were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate, lipid, Amino acids, Vitamin C Calcium, phosphorus and Sulphur , Protein flavonodis , saponin, and alkaloids of these valuable plants species were separated by using techniques of one and two dimension thin layer and Column chromatography, followed by spectrophotometeric analysis (16, 17). All chemicals used in this study were analytical grade (Sigma and Merck).
Experimental
In order to extract and purify alkaloids from root, leaves and fruits samples, following procedures were adopted: About 100 gram (each of roots, fruits and leaves) samples were soaked in solvents like Ethanol for 24 hours and filtered. The Solvent was evaporated and half volume of the solvent, NaOH (3-4%) was added. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 10 with NaOH. The mixture was run through a column using silica gel to separate the alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin, which were further identified on thin layer chromatography using reference standards whereas for protein, sephadex (G 20 and G 50) was used.. The concentration level of these compounds was determined with the help of spectrophotometer at 470 650 nm.
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
Results of biochemical analysis of different compounds found in roots, leave and fruits of Berberis lyceum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Justicia adhatoda are given in tables 1-5.Higher concentration of alkaloids and other compounds was found in roots as compared to the leaves and fruits of Berberis lyceum andJusticia adhatoda (Tables 1 and 2). The results obtained after analysis of Berberis lyceum indicated that concentration of Proteins (8.5 %) and Fat (6.5 %) was found in roots as compared to leaves (Protein 5.6% and Fat 4.5%). Whereas concentrations of alkaloids like palmatine and Berberine (5.6%) was higher in roots as compared to leaves (Table 1).
The pH values and concentration level (mgL-1) of various bioactive compounds (Alkaloids) are given in table 5. which shows that bioactive compounds observed in higher amount in these valuable plants and can be used against various infections and diseases. The extracts of roots of Berberis lyceum are commonly used by people to repair cut, wounds or injuries and get relief from body pain. These are also used against high grade fever and liver jaundice (1. Similarly fruits of Berberis lyceum have high medicinal values and it is delicious dish of various animals and birds due to sweet taste ( 10 ).
The concentration level of protein (8.5 %), vasicine (5.5 %), vaicinone (3.8%), fat (3.5%) and fiber (1.8%) was found in roots samples of Justicia adhatoda. Where as level of such compounds was low in leaves except sugar (4.5%) and vitamin C (1.1%)
It was observed that roots and leave this plant specie contained higher concentrations of chemicals that can be used in drugs required against various disorders of human population. The extract of roots and leaves of Justicia adhatoda iscommonly used by rural population against diabetes, cough and certain liver disorders. (6 ).
Analysis of leaves and fruits of Foeniculum vulgare shows that higher concentration offlavonoids , saponins, proteins, amino acid (especially Isoleucine) and fats were present in the both leaves and fruits samples (Tables 3-5) The leaves contained higher concentration of flavonoids and fat, whereas the level of saponins, protein and other organic compounds were high in seeds (Table 3 ) . The seeds of Foeniculum are considered as essential ingredients for many local medicines that are used against stomach, kidney and liver infection and disorders (15). The organic compounds obtained from seeds will further increase the market value of these valuable medicinal plants. The younger and fresh leaves are considered as delicious and traditional vegetables in many areas of this region (19) . Furthermore Seeds (fruits) are being used in almost all houses of this region for many purposes of human population, whereas leaves are mostly used as vegetables either cooked or in the form of salad.(. Data given in table 4 represents the variation in absorbance in pH due to change in solvent system for extraction of chemical compounds.
Berberine (a alkaloid) analyzed from root and fruit of Berberis lyceum can be used to prevent left ventricular hypertrophy development induced by pressure overload, reduce heart weight and cardiac function (20).Furthermore it also effect on the growth of bacteria and protozoa. The alkaloids like vascine and vasicinone found in the root and leave of Justicia adhatoda have important physiological effects on liver, kidney and stomach problems (5). Whereas saponins and flavonoids found in seed and leaves of Foneculum vulgare have important medicinal values and used in different drugs.
Therefore it is recommended that extraction and purification of such alkaloids are very valuable in the preparations of drugs of various types. The assessment of various effects of such compounds on animals and human health are required in the future studies.

References

1. Shinwari; M.I. and M.A.Khan 1998. Indigenous use of medicinal trees and shrubs of Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad.Pak .J.Forest.48(1-4): 63-90.
2. Edward, A. 2001. Pathogenesis Justicia adhatoda (ed) New, Old and Forgotten remedies .pp 210-220
3. Shinawie, 2002. Wonder drugs of medicinal plants. Ethnobotony. Mol. Cell Biochem. 213 (1-2 ): 99-109.

4. Khattak, S. G. and S. N. Gilani. 1985. Antipyretic studies on some indigenous Pakistani medicinal Plants. Ethnopharmacol. 14 (1):45-52.
5. Baquar, S.R. (1997). Medicinal and Poisonous of Pak.J.Med.Sci. 95 -96.
6. Sivarjan, V. and V.Balachandran, 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and their plant sources, Int. Sciences Publ. PP 503.

7. Rawat, M. S. M., G. Pant, S. Badoni, Y.S. Negi. 1994. Biochemical investigation of some wild fruits of Garhawal Himalayas. Prog. Horticult. 26 (1-2): 35-40.

8. Zaidi.S.H.1998.Existing indigenous medicinal plant resources of Pakistan and their prospects for utilization. Pakistan Forest Jour. 48 (2): 5

9. Ghosh, A. K., F. K. Bhattacharyya and D. K. Ghosh. 1990. Leishmania donovani: A mastigote Inhibition and mode of action of berberine . Exp. Parasitd. 60 (3): 404-413.

10. Chopra, R. N., S. L, Nayar and I.C. Chopra. 1998. The wealth of India. Raw Materials, 2 ( B ): 114-115.

11. Gilani, A. H. and K. H. Janbaz 1999. Possible mechanism of selective intropic activity of the n- butanolic fraction from Berberis aristata fruit. Pharmacol.33 (5): 407-414.

12. Shamsa, F., A. Ahamadiani and R. Khosrokhavar. 1999.Antithistaminic and anticholinergic activity of Berbery fruit ( Berberis vulgaris ) in the guinea pig ileum. Ethanopharmacol. 64 ( 2 ) : 161-166.

13. Matin, A., M. Khan, A. Asharaf and R. A. Queshri. 2002. Tradional use of shrubs and trees of Himaylan, Region, shogran valley, District Manshera ( Hazara Dsitt). Hamad. Medico. X2v (2): 50-1

14. Tanira, M.O.M. 1996. Pharmacological and doxicological investigation of Foeniculum vulgare dired fruit extract in experimental animals Phyother. Res. 10: 33-36.
15. Etherton, P.H, K. Hecker and A.Bonoman. 2002. Bioactive compounds in foods. Their role in prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am.J. Med.113,71-88.
16. Aritom, M and T. Kawaskuki.1984. Three highly oxygenated Flanone Gluuronide in the Leave of spinacia oleracea. Phytochemist.23, 204-47
17. Gulfraz, M. M. Arshad, N. Nayyar, H. Kanwal and U. Nasir.2004. Extraction of Bioactive compounds from Berberis lyceum Royle and Justicia adhatoda L. Int. J. Ethnobotanical leaflet :6-11.

18. Ivanovska, N. and S. Philipov, 1996. Study on the anti- inflammatory action of Berberis vulgaris root extract , fractions and pure alkaloids. Immunopharmacol. 18 ( 10 ) : 553-61.

19. Kirtikar, K. R. and B. D. Basu 1993. Indian Medicinal plants. Periodical Experts Book Agency , Delhi-India.

20. Hong, Y, S.c. Hui, T, Chan and J. Y. Hou. 2002. Effects of berberine on regression of pressure overload induced cardiac hypertorophy in rats. Am. J. Chin. Med. 141-146.

Find TABLES & REF : http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/kotli.htm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


THE LAST AND PROBABLY MOST CONFUSSING (WTF)....... AND MOST IMPORTANT.........


http://www.ueb.cas.cz/cz/LABBAL07/2D...%20article.pdf
INTRO ABSTRACT::

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

Greenhouse Management / Engineering usesing Growth Regulators PGR`s

http://www.umass.edu/umext/floricult...ement/pgr.html

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

MORE PGR`s on retail shelves......

Florel, Pistill Brand. This PGR is an ethylene-generating compound used to stimulate branching. Pistill can substitute for hand pinching ivy geranium, cutting geranium, lantana, verbena, and vinca vine. Apply 500 ppm at the normal time of pinching and at least 6-8 weeks before bloom.
Fascination and Fresco. These are new PGRs introduced to increase the postharvest quality of plants. The active ingredients are gibberellins and cytokinins which are known to increase cell length, increase cell division, and improve chlorophyll retention. They are both labeled for preventing lower leaf yellowing and necrosis and delaying flower senescence on Easter lilies and other potted lilies. Fascination has an expanded label that covers usage on annuals, perennials and poinsettias.
Ethylbloc. This is another antiethylene compound which can prevent flower drop and leaf yellowing on bedding plants. The unique feature of this chemical is that it is applied as a gas to plants in an enclosed environment (e.g., tight greenhouse, special growth room, back of a truck). Quite a number of plants are listed on the Ethylbloc label including begonia, fuchsia, geranium, impatiens, salvia, and snapdragons. These species are quite sensitive to ethylene and often drop flowers or develop yellowed leaves during shipping

Others to come :
A-Rest
B-Nine
Bonzi
Paczol
Piccolo
Cycocel
Chlormiquat
E-Pro 2
Sumagic
Concise
Topflor

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

chlorophyll
Plants have the unique ability to make their own food. They have chlorophyll in their leaf cells and sometimes in their branches and stems, as in cactus. Plants pull water from the soil and take in carbon dioxide from the air. These raw materials, mixed by chlorophyll with energy from the light of the sun, make a more complex substance called sugar.
It all sounds pretty simple, but it's a very complicated process that I won't go into here.
Why do green plants make sugar? That's easy, for food. Think about the life of a sugar maple tree. During the spring and summer, it basks in the sun, pulling water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air and pumping sugary sap into the roots. The next spring, when it needs lots of food to grow new leaves, the stored sap from the roots rises and the sugar feeds the growth.


Chlorophyll is the producer of the energy we, and the rest of the animals on Earth, burn during our daily lives.
Sugar manufactured by plants is chemically changed into more complex starches, oils and proteins with energy stored in the chemical bonds. Animals, including humans, take plant leaves, flowers, fruits and roots, eat them and break them back down into simpler materials. That releases the energy stored by plants and that energy maintains life.
Releasing the energy from food, called respiration, is the opposite of photosynthesis.

One last note here is that plants themselves respire.
Producing food isn't a benevolent act on the part of plants done because they enjoy having animals running around the fields and forests. Plants make food so that they can also burn some of that food to stay alive.
In the end, if it weren't for green plants and their clever alchemy of photosynthesis, animals wouldn't exist.
Non-green plants have entirely lost their ability to produce chlorophyll. Because they still need food to live, these plants depend on other sources of food to live. They are wildflowers that are more like animals than the other plants of the forest.

http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pitt.../s_371842.html
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Maybey YOU CAN "SUBSITUTE" co2 through dodging the process of Chlorophyll, and directly introduceing the right sugars & amino`s to your buds..........?????????????

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

Estrogen
Estrogen (birth control pil;l) my research;.
"estrogen" actually refers to any of a group... of chemically similar hormones; estrogenic hormones are sometimes mistakenly referred to as exclusively female hormones when in fact both men and women produce them in humans/animals.

Plants have a different form;
Phytoestrogens (plant-derived estrogen are a variety of synthetic chemicals and natural plant compounds that are thought to mimic the female hormone estrogen.) ....

Plants contain many types of phytoestrogens; additionally, they contain minerals and other constituents.
Red clover, for instance, is mineral-rich and contains all four of the major types of phytoestrogens: lignans, coumestans, isoflavones, and resorcylic acid lactones but these are realativley un tested on flowering plants.

ANyways
-Plant hormones, including most phytoestrogens anyways.
-Plants which are exceptionally rich in phytoestrogens are regarded as powerful herbal medicines. Plants which are good sources of phytoestrogens are regarded as foods.

So my suggestion is get RED Clover which is extrodinarly high in phytoestrogens, and emulsifie and water. Which would give you a result im sure if you feed enough of it....

Or just have a really good food based organic fertz ie; fish emulsion.... But these would have tiny amounts of phytoestrogen.

Basically.... no need for extra phytoestrogen if you are doseing other hormones, the plant will naturally produce it...... I think you would be better off useing a high k (or PHOS) NPK fertz, you will get better results....

I cant see it helping regardless of what people say, & there is no need..

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

summary of hormones used in feed schedual

GROW;

Gibberellin (GA3) and thiamin ( or the B group of vitimins in way of Super thrive & Hyderolysate)-treated plants showed a greater nitrogen metabolism : = Stem lengthening = To re-gen clones quicker...
Net weight even decreased somewhat [ Lost Other elements also I think (as well as N) I think in the way of carbon and ethylene gases that are stored in the cells... the plant released or used Im not sure....]
Chlorophyll decreased noticeably though and some showed a pale yellow on lower leaves and a fluro like green...
Plants treated with GA3 EATS N FAST so im useing ;Clone xcellarator as my extra source of nitorgen- to compansate the xtra N being processed by the plant.... And at higher doses of GAA I can controll hieght....

BRASSINOLIDE & IAA/IBA= It will increase a plants resistance to stress (cold, drought, too high a salt content), it helps the plant locate light, it strengthens a plants resistance to disease. It will also stimulate a plant to grow it's overall root mass...Transperant Roots seem to be comeing out of the ground toward the light so something is going on.....

Silica - Wieght additive gets stored with in plant cells naturally to help counter the wieght loss. ( we are talking MICRO GRMS) Ultimately this will produce a Fuller bud.

FLOWER:

BEN-6 :
Effects are Latrial growth giving it thicker and stronger stems, healthier and larger leaves (more surface area to capture light) at 300 ppm.
I will be sparying @300ppm at the end of the 4th week of flowring there is a dramatic increase in bud growth. Combined with the earlier spraying of Brassinlide , the end result is i hope: quality and yield & HELP TO SUPPORT themselves or BUD Mass

(which didnt work ONLY because they have already been tied up two days ago or 5th day into 3rd week of flower){which is unusal considering they would tilt usually around 7 weeks and we would have to tie 1 or 2 branchs..... this time its EVERY large branch and the crown......}

NAA in way of La Femme is a female hormone which induces predominance of female flowers (more defined & bigger pistil ). It is most effective when used as a foliar spray during the initial flower bud formation or the change of lights. It was sparyed twice in total.... 1 week apart ( which @moment the pistils have not gone through any chage they are still in ONLY growth.. as in there is no browning of pistil at all. usually I will see alittle deteration in some pistil, they look fresh)

Useing also dutch master Penatrator

& also looking at ethylene (sensa spray) for last 2 weeks of flower in a folia dose or two..... This I hope along with the Aminos & Carbs ( plant sugars ) should aid natural C02, it produces a gases atmosphere high in ethylene which in turn the plant will use to make Co2 by passing the need for a Chlorophyll to chemically induce food for growth & greener more robust leaf................
It is a folia spray direct to Phloem – (Food transporting tissue of a plant in all parts of leaf and stem /giving it sugar/food directly to the bud. ) the natural co2 production and Ethylene, should both be stored with in the plant cells to give fuller buds.....
__________________

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

The basis of my Theory: Part 1
Hormones.
Auxin would be released when cells contains more than enough sugar, and all other environmental conditions are favorable for growth.

Abscisic Acid might signal a need emergency action under most kinds of rapidly developing environmental stress, not just water shortages. ABA's main role is clearly resistance to drought conditions though. & ABA induced stomata closing. Considered an inhibitor.

Complimentarily, Salicylic Acid may be the hormone released when things are running normally and no special rapid response is needed from the plant. It might be the "feel good" hormone.

Jasmonic Acid is a gibberellin under experiment but looks to be growth stimulator.

Cytokinin would be made when cells have enough nutrients of the sort normally provided by the root, mainly water and minerals and all other conditions are favorable for growth.

Gibberellin/Brassinostreroid would be made when mature cells have less than enough shoot nutrients, i.e. sugar and Oxygen to survive especially if environmental conditions are poor. "GAA intensified the growth of the plants, the average dry weight per plant, the photosynthesis rate, the sugar content (especially of the stem) and that of total N, and the respiration rate, but decreased the content of chlorophyll in the leaves.

Ethylene might be released when mature cells are receiving less than enough nutrients normally received from the roots, mainly minerals and water, to support life at all, thus senescence of the cell is warranted. Again this effect may be accentuated by poor environmental conditions.

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!

Ca
--- Calcium gives cannabis very strong, fibrous, short stems with dark green leaves and swollen flowers. An adequate supply is vital in the 6th-9th weeks of growth. The largest absorption of Ca is made possible when calcium carbonate is applied together with small doses of humus.
(56)
Calcium-deficient plants are stunted, weak and flabby. Terminal buds die, and the stem becomes brittle and covered with dark areas. Upper leaves are darker than usual, yellow at the edges, and they crinkle, dry up, and fall off. Any new leaves that form will die. Brown and white spots appear on lower leaves. Excessive Ca will stunt the early growth of cannabis, and causes terminal shoots to be weak and under-developed. Foliage is less abundant, and blackening occurs around the veins. The stems are fibrous and woody, with a hollow pith. The sex ratio changes to males 7:3 females. Calcium affords plants considerable resistance to infection with Botrytis; the higher the level of calcium, the lower the incidence of Botrytis
.

__________________
HORMONES Vs Co2 - Hormones cheaper potentially yeild same !HORMONES/PGR`s/VITIMANS - RESEARCH THREAD ONLY. THC - CBD CBN - MAKE MORE USEING UVB`s/ UVA`s..CHEAP&SIMPLE.?!! Chilli,chilli & more chillis..... Just starting a CHILLI SEED company! JOURNEL!!!!